Excretion – Regulation of Kidney Function: NEET MCQs with Answers

15 free questions on Excretion – Regulation of Kidney Function for NEET (UG), starting with previous-year NEET and AIPMT questions. Try each one, then tap Show answer for the answer and a short explanation.

Syllabus covered: Regulation of Kidney Function: -Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus

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Question 1

Previous-year question
Diuresis is prevented by: [Re-NEET 2024]
  1. Renin from JG cells via switching off the osmoreceptors
  2. ANF from atria of the heart
  3. Aldosterone from adrenal medulla
  4. Vasopressin from neurohypophysis
Show answer
Answer: (D) Vasopressin from neurohypophysis
Explanation: Vasopressin (ADH) released from the neurohypophysis facilitates water reabsorption from the later parts of the tubule, thereby preventing diuresis. Renin does not act by switching off osmoreceptors, ANF promotes loss of Na⁺ and water, and aldosterone comes from the adrenal cortex, not the medulla.

Question 2

Previous-year question
Assertion: The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) plays an important role in the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). [NEET 2024 (Sawaimadhopur)]
Reason: A fall in GFR can activate the JG cells to release renin, which can stimulate glomerular blood flow and thereby bring the GFR back to normal.
  1. Both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
  2. Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
  3. Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
  4. Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
Show answer
Answer: (D) Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
Explanation: Both statements are true and R explains A. The JGA regulates GFR: a fall in GFR activates JG cells to release renin, which through angiotensin II raises glomerular blood pressure/blood flow and thereby brings GFR back to normal.

Question 3

Previous-year question
Arrange the following events of the renin–angiotensin mechanism in the correct order. [NEET 2023 (Manipur)]
(A) Activation of JG cells and release of renin.
(B) Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone.
(C) Fall in glomerular blood pressure.
(D) Reabsorption of Na⁺ and water from the distal convoluted tubule.
(E) Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I and then to angiotensin II.
  1. (C), (A), (E), (B), (D)
  2. (A), (D), (E), (C), (B)
  3. (A), (D), (C), (B), (E)
  4. (B), (A), (E), (D), (C)
Show answer
Answer: (A) (C), (A), (E), (B), (D)
Explanation: A fall in glomerular blood pressure (C) activates JG cells to release renin (A); renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is further converted to angiotensin II (E); angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone (B); aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na⁺ and water from the distal parts of the tubule (D). Hence C → A → E → B → D.

Question 4

Previous-year question
Which of the statements given below are correct? [NEET 2023]
A. Excessive loss of fluid from the body switches off the osmoreceptors.
B. ADH facilitates water reabsorption to prevent diuresis.
C. ANF causes vasodilation.
D. ADH causes an increase in blood pressure.
E. ADH is responsible for a decrease in GFR.
  1. B, C and D only
  2. A, B and E only
  3. C, D and E only
  4. A and B only
Show answer
Answer: (A) B, C and D only
Explanation: ADH facilitates water reabsorption from the later parts of the tubule and thereby prevents diuresis (B), ANF causes vasodilation (C), and ADH, through its constrictory effect on blood vessels, raises blood pressure (D). Excessive loss of body fluid activates (not switches off) the osmoreceptors (A is wrong), and the rise in BP caused by ADH increases glomerular blood flow and GFR rather than decreasing it (E is wrong).

Question 5

Previous-year question
Identify the correct statements. [Re-NEET 2022]
(a) Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
(b) Aldosterone leads to an increase in blood pressure.
(c) ANF acts as a check on the renin–angiotensin mechanism.
(d) ADH causes vasodilation.
(e) Vasopressin is released from the adenohypophysis.
  1. (a), (b) and (e) only
  2. (c), (d) and (e) only
  3. (b), (c) and (d) only
  4. (a), (b) and (c) only
Show answer
Answer: (D) (a), (b) and (c) only
Explanation: Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone (a), aldosterone increases Na⁺ and water reabsorption and so raises blood pressure (b), and ANF acts as a check on the renin–angiotensin mechanism (c). ADH causes vasoconstriction, not vasodilation (d), and vasopressin is released from the neurohypophysis, not the adenohypophysis (e).

Question 6

Previous-year question
Pick the correct statement. [NEET 2020 (COVID-19)]
  1. Atrial Natriuretic Factor increases the blood pressure.
  2. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasodilator.
  3. Counter current pattern of blood flow is not observed in vasa recta.
  4. Reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate activates JG cells to release renin.
Show answer
Answer: (D) Reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate activates JG cells to release renin.
Explanation: A fall in GFR activates JG cells to release renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and then II, raising glomerular blood pressure and GFR. ANF lowers BP, angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor, and blood in the vasa recta does flow in a counter current pattern.

Question 7

Previous-year question
Consider these statements about desert animals such as the kangaroo rat. (a) They feed on dry seeds and do not require drinking water. (b) They have a dark colour, a high rate of reproduction and excrete solid urine. (c) They excrete very concentrated urine and do not use water to regulate body temperature. (d) They do not drink water, breathe slowly to conserve water and have the body covered with thick hair. Which two statements are true? [2005]
  1. (a) and (b)
  2. (a) and (c)
  3. (b) and (d)
  4. (c) and (d)
Show answer
Answer: (B) (a) and (c)
Explanation: The kangaroo rat obtains almost all its water from the metabolic oxidation of the dry seeds it eats, and its exceptionally long loops of Henle allow it to produce urine several times more concentrated than its blood. It avoids heat by remaining in its burrow during the day rather than by evaporative cooling.
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Question 8

Previous-year question
A patient suffering from cholera is given a saline drip because [1993]
  1. sodium ions are important in the transport of substances across membranes
  2. chloride ions are an important component of blood plasma
  3. chloride ions help in the formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
  4. sodium ions help to retain water in the body
Show answer
Answer: (D) sodium ions help to retain water in the body
Explanation: Cholera causes a massive loss of water and electrolytes through watery diarrhoea. Replacing sodium along with the water is essential, because sodium is the principal osmotically active ion of the extracellular fluid and water is retained in the body only if the sodium is restored with it.

Question 9

Previous-year question
A fall in the glomerular filtration rate activates [2012]
  1. the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin
  2. the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
  3. the posterior pituitary to release vasopressin
  4. the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
Show answer
Answer: (A) the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin
Explanation: The juxtaglomerular apparatus senses the reduced flow and secretes renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and thence to angiotensin II. That constricts the arterioles, raises blood pressure and stimulates aldosterone release, so the filtration rate is restored — the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Question 10

Previous-year question
Which statement is correct with respect to the regulation of kidney function? [2011]
  1. An increase in glomerular blood flow stimulates the formation of angiotensin II
  2. When someone drinks a lot of water, the release of ADH is suppressed
  3. During summer, when the body loses much water by evaporation, the release of ADH is suppressed
  4. Exposure to cold temperature stimulates the formation of angiotensin II
Show answer
Answer: (B) When someone drinks a lot of water, the release of ADH is suppressed
Explanation: Drinking freely dilutes the blood, the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus detect the fall in osmolarity, and ADH secretion is reduced so that a large volume of dilute urine is passed. Dehydration in summer has the opposite effect, and angiotensin II is formed when glomerular flow falls, not when it rises.

Question 11

Previous-year question
In the renal tubules, the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to water is controlled by [1996]
  1. growth hormone
  2. vasopressin
  3. renin
  4. aldosterone
Show answer
Answer: (B) vasopressin
Explanation: Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, is released from the posterior pituitary when the blood becomes concentrated, and it inserts aquaporin channels into the walls of the distal tubule and collecting duct so that water is reabsorbed and a concentrated urine is passed. Aldosterone acts on sodium rather than directly on water.

Question 12

Previous-year question
A decrease in blood pressure/volume will not cause the release of: [NEET, 2017]
  1. Atrial Natriuretic Factor
  2. Aldosterone
  3. ADH
  4. Renin
Show answer
Answer: (A) Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Explanation: A fall in blood pressure/volume stimulates release of renin (JGA), aldosterone (via angiotensin II) and ADH. Atrial natriuretic factor is released when blood pressure/volume rises, so it is not released.

Question 13

Previous-year question
A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) activates [AIPMT (Mains), 2012]
  1. Juxta glomerular cells to release renin
  2. Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
  3. Adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
  4. Posterior pituitary to release vasopressin
Show answer
Answer: (A) Juxta glomerular cells to release renin
Explanation: A fall in GFR is sensed by the JGA; juxtaglomerular cells release renin, activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system to restore GFR.

Question 14

Previous-year question
Which one of the following statement is correct respect to kidney function regulation? [AIPMT (Pre.), 2011]
  1. During summer when body loses lot of water by evaporation, the release of ADH is suppressed
  2. When someone drinks lot of water, ADH release is suppressed
  3. Exposure to cold temperature stimulates ADH release
  4. An increase in glomerular blood flow stimulates the formation of angiotensin II
Show answer
Answer: (B) When someone drinks lot of water, ADH release is suppressed
Explanation: Drinking plenty of water lowers blood osmolarity, which suppresses ADH release, producing more dilute urine.

Question 15

Previous-year question
Angiotensinogen is a protein produced and secreted by [AIPMT, 2006]
  1. Macula densa cells
  2. Endothelial cells (cells lining the blood vessels)
  3. Liver cells
  4. Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
Show answer
Answer: (C) Liver cells
Explanation: Angiotensinogen is a plasma globulin synthesized and secreted by the liver; renin acts on it to form angiotensin I.

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