Endocrine System – Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common: NEET MCQs with Answers

11 free questions on Endocrine System – Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common for NEET (UG), starting with previous-year NEET and AIPMT questions. Try each one, then tap Show answer for the answer and a short explanation.

Syllabus covered: Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).

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Question 1

Previous-year question
Acromegaly is caused by [2002]
  1. deficiency of thyroxine
  2. excess of growth hormone
  3. excess of adrenaline
  4. excess of thyroxine
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Answer: (B) excess of growth hormone
Explanation: An excess of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have closed cannot lengthen the long bones, so the bones thicken instead and the hands, feet, jaw and facial bones become enlarged. The same excess before closure of the epiphyses produces gigantism.

Question 2

Previous-year question
A person is having problems with calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Which gland may not be functioning properly? [2006]
  1. Thyroid
  2. Parotid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Pancreas
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Answer: (C) Parathyroid
Explanation: Parathormone from the parathyroid glands is the chief regulator of calcium and phosphate, raising blood calcium while lowering phosphate through its actions on bone, kidney and intestine. The parotid is a salivary gland and has no endocrine function.

Question 3

Previous-year question
A low level of calcium in the body fluid may be the cause of [2008]
  1. angina pectoris
  2. tetany
  3. gout
  4. anaemia
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Answer: (B) tetany
Explanation: Hypocalcaemia increases the excitability of nerve and muscle and results in tetany. Gout is caused by urate deposition, angina by inadequate coronary blood flow, and anaemia by a deficiency of haemoglobin or of red cells.

Question 4

Previous-year question
Parathormone deficiency produces muscle cramps or tetany as a result of [1996]
  1. enhanced blood glucose
  2. lowered blood calcium
  3. enhanced blood calcium
  4. enhanced blood sodium
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Answer: (B) lowered blood calcium
Explanation: Calcium ions stabilise the membranes of nerve and muscle cells. When the level falls, the threshold for excitation drops and the fibres discharge spontaneously, producing the sustained painful contractions of tetany, of which spasm of the larynx is the dangerous form.

Question 5

Previous-year question
The blood calcium level is lowered by the deficiency of [2010]
  1. both calcitonin and parathormone
  2. parathormone
  3. calcitonin
  4. thyroxine
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Answer: (B) parathormone
Explanation: Parathormone is the principal hypercalcaemic hormone, raising blood calcium by mobilising it from bone, increasing its reabsorption in the kidney and promoting the activation of vitamin D. Its deficiency therefore lowers the level; a deficiency of calcitonin would raise it.

Question 6

Previous-year question
A pregnant woman delivers a baby that suffers from stunted growth, mental retardation and abnormal skin. This is the result of [2012]
  1. over secretion of the pars distalis
  2. low secretion of growth hormone
  3. deficiency of iodine in the diet
  4. cancer of the thyroid gland
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Answer: (C) deficiency of iodine in the diet
Explanation: These are the features of cretinism, which arises when the foetal thyroid cannot make thyroxine because the mother's diet lacks iodine. Thyroxine is essential for the growth and differentiation of the nervous system and skeleton, so the deficiency during development produces irreversible damage.

Question 7

Previous-year question
A health disorder resulting from the deficiency of thyroxine in adults, characterised by a low metabolic rate, increase in body weight and a tendency to retain water in the tissues, is [2009]
  1. cretinism
  2. simple goitre
  3. hypothyroidism
  4. myxoedema
Show answer
Answer: (D) myxoedema
Explanation: Myxoedema is the specific name for adult hypothyroidism with these features, the retention of water being due to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the subcutaneous tissue, which gives the puffy appearance. Cretinism is the corresponding condition in infancy and produces stunted growth and mental retardation.
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Question 8

Previous-year question
Which one of the following pairs of a hormone and a deficiency disorder is correctly matched? [2004]
  1. Thyroxine — tetany
  2. Luteinising hormone — failure of ovulation
  3. Parathyroid hormone — diabetes mellitus
  4. Insulin — diabetes insipidus
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Answer: (B) Luteinising hormone — failure of ovulation
Explanation: The mid-cycle surge of luteinising hormone is what ruptures the mature Graafian follicle and releases the ovum, so a deficiency prevents ovulation. Tetany follows parathormone deficiency, diabetes mellitus insulin deficiency, and diabetes insipidus a lack of antidiuretic hormone.

Question 9

Previous-year question
Which one of the following correctly pairs a hormone with the disorder caused by its deficiency? [2002]
  1. Prolactin — cretinism
  2. Insulin — diabetes insipidus
  3. Parathyroid hormone — tetany
  4. Relaxin — gigantism
Show answer
Answer: (C) Parathyroid hormone — tetany
Explanation: A deficiency of parathormone lowers the blood calcium level, and the resulting hyperexcitability of nerve and muscle produces the sustained painful contractions known as tetany. Cretinism follows thyroxine deficiency, insulin deficiency causes diabetes mellitus, and gigantism results from excess growth hormone.

Question 10

Previous-year question
A pregnant female delivers a baby who suffers from stunted growth, mental retardation, low intelligence quotient and abnormal skin. This is the result of [NEET, 2013]
  1. Over secretion of pars distalis
  2. Deficiency of iodine in diet
  3. Low secretion of growth hormone
  4. Cancer of the thyroid gland
Show answer
Answer: (B) Deficiency of iodine in diet
Explanation: Iodine deficiency during pregnancy causes congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism) — stunted growth, mental retardation, low IQ and abnormal skin.

Question 11

Nodules develop in a patient's thyroid gland and raise the rate of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Which finding is most likely in this patient?
  1. Muscle spasms caused by a very low blood calcium level
  2. Low basal metabolic rate with gain in body weight
  3. Large volumes of dilute urine caused by a lack of vasopressin
  4. High basal metabolic rate with loss of body weight
Show answer
Answer: (D) High basal metabolic rate with loss of body weight
Explanation: Thyroid cancer or thyroid nodules can raise the output of thyroid hormones to abnormally high levels, a state called hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormones raise the basal metabolic rate, so excess hormone leads to weight loss. A low metabolic rate points to hypothyroidism, while spasms from low calcium and dilute urine from vasopressin lack involve other glands.

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