Excretion – Disorders of Excretory System: NEET MCQs with Answers

8 free questions on Excretion – Disorders of Excretory System for NEET (UG), starting with previous-year NEET and AIPMT questions. Try each one, then tap Show answer for the answer and a short explanation.

Syllabus covered: Disorders of Excretory System: Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

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Question 1

Previous-year question
If the kidneys fail to reabsorb water, the effect on the tissues would be that they [AIPMT 1994]
  1. remain unaffected
  2. shrink and shrivel
  3. absorb water from blood plasma
  4. take more O₂ from blood
Show answer
Answer: (B) shrink and shrivel
Explanation: If the kidney fails to reabsorb water, the concentration of the urine will be low and urination will be more frequent — a condition called polyuria. As a result, the tissues of the body will be dehydrated and will shrink and shrivel.

Question 2

Previous-year question
A condition of failure of the kidney to form urine is called [AIPMT 1998]
  1. deamination
  2. entropy
  3. anuria
  4. None of these
Show answer
Answer: (C) anuria
Explanation: The terms anuria, oliguria, polyuria and dysuria are used respectively for the absence of urine, scanty urine, large amounts of urine and painful urination. (Deamination is the removal of an amino (—NH₂) group from an amino acid by transaminase enzymes.)

Question 3

Previous-year question
Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option.
Column I —
1. Glycosuria;
2. Gout;
3. Renal calculi;
4. Glomerular nephritis

Column II —
(i) Accumulation of uric acid in joints;
(ii) Mass of crystallised salts within the kidney;
(iii) Inflammation in glomeruli;
(iv) Presence of glucose in urine
 [NEET 2018]
  1. 1-(ii), 2-(iii), 3-(i), 4-(iv)
  2. 1-(i), 2-(ii), 3-(iii), 4-(iv)
  3. 1-(iii), 2-(i), 3-(iv), 4-(i)
  4. 1-(iv), 2-(i), 3-(ii), 4-(iii)
Show answer
Answer: (D) 1-(iv), 2-(i), 3-(ii), 4-(iii)
Explanation: Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, an increased blood glucose level caused by untreated diabetes mellitus (1-iv). Gout is a form of arthritis with severe pain and tenderness in the joints, caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals there (2-i). Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are small masses of crystalline salts — calcium, uric acid or struvite — within the kidney (3-ii). Glomerular nephritis (Bright's disease) is inflammation of the glomeruli (4-iii).

Question 4

Previous-year question
The presence of which of the following conditions in urine are indicative of diabetes mellitus? [NEET (Sep.) 2020]
  1. Uremia and Renal calculi
  2. Ketonuria and Glycosuria
  3. Renal calculi and Hyperglycaemia
  4. Uremia and Ketonuria
Show answer
Answer: (B) Ketonuria and Glycosuria
Explanation: In diabetes mellitus, high blood glucose spills into urine (glycosuria) and, because cells cannot use glucose, fats are broken down producing ketone bodies that appear in urine (ketonuria). Together these two conditions indicate diabetes mellitus.

Question 5

Previous-year question
Consider these statements about kidney transplantation. (i) Even if a transplant is proper, the recipient may need to take immunosuppressants for a long time. (ii) The cell-mediated immune response is responsible for graft rejection. (iii) B lymphocytes are responsible for rejection of the graft. (iv) Acceptance or rejection depends on specific interferons. Which two are correct? [2009]
  1. (i) and (iii)
  2. (ii) and (iii)
  3. (i) and (ii)
  4. (iii) and (iv)
Show answer
Answer: (C) (i) and (ii)
Explanation: Graft rejection is brought about by T lymphocytes recognising foreign histocompatibility antigens, which is a cell-mediated response, and immunosuppressive drugs must therefore be continued long after the operation to keep that response in check. B lymphocytes and interferons play no decisive part in rejection.

Question 6

Previous-year question
The presence of red blood cells in the urine is called [1989]
  1. haematuria
  2. alkaptonuria
  3. proteinuria
  4. urolithiasis
Show answer
Answer: (A) haematuria
Explanation: Haematuria is the appearance of erythrocytes in the urine and indicates bleeding somewhere in the urinary tract, from glomerular disease, stones, infection or injury. Proteinuria is the loss of protein, alkaptonuria a hereditary defect of tyrosine metabolism, and urolithiasis the formation of stones.

Question 7

Previous-year question
Match the items in Column-I (Glycosuria, Gout, Renal calculi, Glomerular nephritis) with Column-II (i. Accumulation of uric acid in joints, ii. mass of crystallized salts within the kidney, iii. Inflammation in glomeruli, iv. Presence of glucose in urine) and select the correct option. [NEET, 2018]
  1. a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv
  2. a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
  3. a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i
  4. a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii
Show answer
Answer: (D) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii
Explanation: Glycosuria = glucose in urine (iv); Gout = uric acid in joints (i); Renal calculi = crystallized salts in kidney (ii); Glomerular nephritis = inflammation of glomeruli (iii).
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Question 8

Patient A has severe liver failure, while patient B has complete failure of both kidneys. Compared with a healthy person, what change in blood urea level is expected in each?
  1. A: decreased; B: decreased
  2. A: increased; B: decreased
  3. A: increased; B: increased
  4. A: decreased; B: increased
Show answer
Answer: (D) A: decreased; B: increased
Explanation: Urea is made in the liver from ammonia, so a failing liver produces less of it and the blood level falls. The kidneys remove urea from the blood. When they fail, urea accumulates in the blood, a condition called uremia.

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